Interaction Between Human & Computer Systems

1. What does HCI stand for?

A) Human-Computer Interaction
B) Human-Centric Interface
C) Human-Controlled Integration
D) Human-Communication Interface

Correct Answer: A) Human-Computer Interaction

2. What is the primary goal of UX design?

A) To make products visually appealing
B) To provide users with an experience that is relevant, efficient, and intuitive
C) To improve the hardware of a product
D) To reduce production costs

Correct Answer: B) To provide users with an experience that is relevant, efficient, and intuitive

3. Which field primarily focuses on the design, testing, and evaluation of interactive systems?

A) Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
B) Information Technology (IT)
C) Systems Engineering
D) Graphic Design

Correct Answer: A) Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

4. Which term is often used interchangeably with 'Ergonomics' in North America?

A) Human Factors
B) User Experience
C) Human-Centric Design
D) Usability Engineering

Correct Answer: A) Human Factors

5. What is the main focus of Ergonomists?

A) The aesthetic appeal of devices
B) The physical attributes of devices and systems and their impact on user performance
C) The speed of computing systems
D) The cost-effectiveness of devices

Correct Answer: B) The physical attributes of devices and systems and their impact on user performance

6. When did systematic research on human performance in factories begin?

A) 1940s
B) 1960s
C) 1900s
D) 1980s

Correct Answer: C) 1900s

7. Which war catalyzed the study of human-machine interaction?

A) The Cold War
B) The Korean War
C) The Second World War
D) The Vietnam War

Correct Answer: C) The Second World War

8. What was the original term used for research into human-computer interaction?

A) Human-Machine Interaction
B) Human-System Interaction
C) Human-Computer Interface
D) Human-Device Interaction

Correct Answer: A) Human-Machine Interaction

9. Which decade saw the introduction of personal computers with Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)?

A) 1960s
B) 1970s
C) 1980s
D) 1990s

Correct Answer: C) 1980s

10. What technological development in the 1990s changed how users accessed and interacted with information?

A) The advent of the personal computer
B) The World Wide Web
C) The introduction of touchscreens
D) The rise of mobile computing

Correct Answer: B) The World Wide Web

11. What interface became popular in the 2010s for interacting with computers through natural movements?

A) Command-Line Interface (CLI)
B) Graphical User Interface (GUI)
C) Gesture-Based Interfaces
D) Voice-Activated Interfaces

Correct Answer: C) Gesture-Based Interfaces

12. What is the process of arranging and structuring data to facilitate user navigation called?

A) User Research
B) Information Architecture
C) Interaction Design
D) Visual Design

Correct Answer: B) Information Architecture

13. Which aspect of UX design focuses on making products usable by people with a range of abilities?

A) Desirability
B) Accessibility
C) Usability
D) Practicality

Correct Answer: B) Accessibility

14. What is the term used for creating low-fidelity models of the user interface to establish its basic structure?

A) Wireframing
B) Prototyping
C) Mockups
D) Blueprinting

Correct Answer: A) Wireframing

15. Which of the following is a principle of usability?

A) Affordability
B) Memorability
C) Aesthetics
D) Compatibility

Correct Answer: B) Memorability

16. What type of interaction model uses graphical elements like buttons and menus?

A) Command-Line Interface (CLI)
B) Graphical User Interface (GUI)
C) Natural Language Interface
D) Touch-Based Communication

Correct Answer: B) Graphical User Interface (GUI)

17. Which interaction model allows users to interact with the system through spoken language?

A) Command-Line Interface (CLI)
B) Graphical User Interface (GUI)
C) Natural Language Interface
D) Touch-Based Communication

Correct Answer: C) Natural Language Interface

18. What is a significant consequence of poor user experience in a product?

A) Increased customer loyalty
B) Improved brand reputation
C) Users may abandon the product and switch to a competitor
D) Higher production costs

Correct Answer: C) Users may abandon the product and switch to a competitor

19. What does 'authenticity' in UX design refer to?

A) The product's price
B) The aesthetic appeal of the product
C) The reliability and credibility of the product
D) The product's features

Correct Answer: C) The reliability and credibility of the product

20. Which of the following is slower but larger than the primary cache?

A) RAM
B) Secondary Cache (L2 Cache)
C) Register
D) Arithmetic Unit

Correct Answer: B) Secondary Cache (L2 Cache)

21. Why is it important for UX design to be a dynamic process?

A) Because user expectations and market conditions are constantly changing
B) To keep costs low
C) To minimize the number of features
D) To comply with legal regulations

Correct Answer: A) Because user expectations and market conditions are constantly changing

22. What does EC Directive 90/270/EEC emphasize in relation to HCI?

A) Reducing system costs
B) Ensuring systems are safe and user-friendly
C) Maximizing system performance
D) Increasing system complexity

Correct Answer: B) Ensuring systems are safe and user-friendly

23. Which of the following is a legal requirement for employers concerning computer systems?

A) To provide systems that are both safe and functional
B) To ensure systems are the most advanced available
C) To limit system features to only essential functions
D) To use only open-source software

Correct Answer: A) To provide systems that are both safe and functional

24. Which of the following is becoming a focus in HCI concerning Artificial Intelligence?

A) Making AI systems less expensive
B) Making AI systems explainable and ethical
C) Increasing AI system complexity
D) Minimizing AI system functionality

Correct Answer: B) Making AI systems explainable and ethical

25. What device became integral for navigating GUIs in the 1980s?

A) Keyboard
B) Mouse
C) Joystick
D) Trackpad

Correct Answer: B) Mouse

26. What is the primary role of the rods in the human eye?

A) Color vision
B) Seeing in dim light
C) High detail vision
D) Perceiving movement

Correct Answer: B) Seeing in dim light

27. What is the main function of the cones in the human eye?

A) Seeing in low light
B) Detecting movement
C) Color vision
D) Peripheral vision

Correct Answer: C) Color vision

28. Which part of the eye focuses light onto the retina?

A) Cornea
B) Lens
C) Retina
D) Optic nerve

Correct Answer: A) Cornea

29. What does the visual angle of an object depend on?

A) Its color and brightness
B) Its size and distance from the eye
C) The shape of the object
D) The time of day

Correct Answer: B) Its size and distance from the eye

30. Which component of vision processing allows us to perceive objects as having a constant size despite changes in their visual angle?

A) Law of size constancy
B) Visual acuity
C) Visual processing
D) Law of brightness constancy

Correct Answer: A) Law of size constancy

31. What is luminance?

A) The subjective response to light levels
B) The amount of light an object emits
C) The ability to distinguish colors
D) The speed at which the eye can adjust to brightness changes

Correct Answer: B) The amount of light an object emits

32. What is the primary difference between rods and cones in terms of light sensitivity?

A) Rods are less sensitive to light than cones.
B) Cones are more sensitive to light than rods.
C) Rods are more sensitive to light than cones.
D) Rods and cones have the same sensitivity to light.

Correct Answer: C) Rods are more sensitive to light than cones.

33. What is the main function of the fovea in the retina?

A) To detect peripheral vision
B) To process movement
C) To provide high-resolution color vision
D) To convert light into electrical signals

Correct Answer: C) To provide high-resolution color vision

34. What is the function of the cilia in the cochlea?

A) To focus light onto the retina
B) To detect and transmit sound vibrations
C) To amplify sound waves
D) To protect the middle ear from damage

Correct Answer: B) To detect and transmit sound vibrations

35. Which part of the ear amplifies sound waves before they reach the cochlea?

A) Outer ear
B) Tympanic membrane
C) Ossicles
D) Auditory canal

Correct Answer: C) Ossicles

36. What is the role of mechanoreceptors in touch perception?

A) To detect temperature changes
B) To respond to pressure changes
C) To sense pain
D) To perceive sound vibrations

Correct Answer: B) To respond to pressure changes

37. What is kinesthesia?

A) The ability to see fine details
B) The sense of balance
C) The knowledge of body and limb positions
D) The ability to distinguish between different sounds

Correct Answer: C) The knowledge of body and limb positions

38. Which sense is primarily involved in detecting the direction and distance of sounds?

A) Sight
B) Touch
C) Hearing
D) Taste

Correct Answer: C) Hearing

39. What does the term "visual acuity" refer to?

A) The ability to perceive color
B) The ability to distinguish fine details
C) The perception of depth and distance
D) The sensitivity to light

Correct Answer: B) The ability to distinguish fine details

40. How does the visual system compensate for changes in luminance?

A) By adjusting color perception
B) By stabilizing the retinal image
C) By altering the visual angle
D) By enhancing the brightness of objects

Correct Answer: B) By stabilizing the retinal image

41. Which type of memory is responsible for briefly storing auditory information?

A) Iconic Memory
B) Echoic Memory
C) Haptic Memory
D) Working Memory

Correct Answer: B) Echoic Memory

42. How long does iconic memory typically retain visual information?

A) 1 second
B) 200 milliseconds
C) 0.5 seconds
D) 1 minute

Correct Answer: C) 0.5 seconds

43. What phenomenon demonstrates the persistence of visual images after the stimulus is removed?

A) Echoic Memory
B) Iconic Memory
C) Haptic Memory
D) Working Memory

Correct Answer: B) Iconic Memory

44. What is the primary function of short-term memory?

A) Long-term storage of information
B) Immediate recall of sensory stimuli
C) Temporary storage of information for immediate use
D) Encoding information into long-term memory

Correct Answer: C) Temporary storage of information for immediate use

45. What is the maximum number of items the average person can hold in short-term memory, according to the 7 ± 2 rule?

A) 3 ± 1
B) 5 ± 2
C) 7 ± 2
D) 9 ± 3

Correct Answer: C) 7 ± 2

46. Which method helps improve short-term memory capacity by grouping information into chunks?

A) Rehearsal
B) Chunking
C) Decay
D) Interference

Correct Answer: B) Chunking

47. What effect describes the better recall of items at the end of a list compared to those in the middle?

A) Primacy Effect
B) Recency Effect
C) Serial Position Effect
D) Chunking

Correct Answer: B) Recency Effect

48. Which factor can reduce the effectiveness of short-term memory recall?

A) Rehearsal
B) Chunking
C) Interference from other tasks
D) Encoding strategies

Correct Answer: C) Interference from other tasks

49. Which type of memory includes knowledge of facts and concepts?

A) Episodic Memory
B) Semantic Memory
C) Sensory Memory
D) Working Memory

Correct Answer: B) Semantic Memory

50. What is the main difference between episodic and semantic memory?

A) Episodic memory stores factual knowledge, while semantic memory stores personal experiences.
B) Episodic memory stores personal experiences, while semantic memory stores factual knowledge.
C) Episodic memory is used for immediate recall, while semantic memory is used for temporary storage.
D) Episodic memory is unlimited in capacity, while semantic memory has a limited capacity.

Correct Answer: B) Episodic memory stores personal experiences, while semantic memory stores factual knowledge.

51. What is the term for the ability to retrieve information from long-term memory quickly?

A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Recall
D) Recognition

Correct Answer: C) Recall

52. Which method involves connecting new information to existing knowledge to improve memory retention?

A) Rehearsal
B) Chunking
C) Semantic Encoding
D) Decay

Correct Answer: C) Semantic Encoding

53. What is the process by which information is transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory through practice and repetition?

A) Rehearsal
B) Encoding
C) Retrieval
D) Decay

Correct Answer: A) Rehearsal

54. Which theory suggests that old information is lost when new information is learned?

A) Decay Theory
B) Interference Theory
C) Encoding Failure Theory
D) Rehearsal Theory

Correct Answer: B) Interference Theory

55. What type of interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of new information?

A) Proactive Interference
B) Retroactive Interference
C) Decay
D) Encoding Failure

Correct Answer: A) Proactive Interference

56. What type of interference happens when new information disrupts the recall of older information?

A) Proactive Interference
B) Retroactive Interference
C) Decay
D) Rehearsal Failure

Correct Answer: B) Retroactive Interference

57. In the semantic network model, why does answering a question about a specific detail take longer compared to a question about a general attribute?

A) The specific detail is stored at a more abstract level in memory.
B) The general attribute requires more visual processing.
C) The specific detail is less familiar.
D) The general attribute is stored in short-term memory.

Correct Answer: A) The specific detail is stored at a more abstract level in memory.

58. What does a script in memory representation describe?

A) A network of interconnected concepts and ideas
B) A set of conditions and actions related to a specific event or scenario
C) A structured representation of semantic knowledge
D) A method of rehearsing information to improve recall

Correct Answer: B) A set of conditions and actions related to a specific event or scenario

59. What is the purpose of using vivid imagery in memory retention?

A) To improve short-term memory capacity
B) To enhance recognition of new information
C) To create stronger memory cues for recall
D) To prevent interference from new information

Correct Answer: C) To create stronger memory cues for recall

60. Which memory model proposes that information is stored in hierarchical structures and can be retrieved based on related concepts?

A) Frame Model
B) Script Model
C) Semantic Network Model
D) Production System Model

Correct Answer: C) Semantic Network Model

61. What is the effect of "tip of the tongue" phenomenon on memory?

A) It indicates that information has been completely forgotten.
B) It suggests that information is stored but cannot be accessed at the moment.
C) It shows that information is stored in short-term memory only.
D) It demonstrates that interference is not a factor in memory recall.

Correct Answer: B) It suggests that information is stored but cannot be accessed at the moment.

62. Which type of memory is responsible for briefly storing auditory information?

A) Iconic Memory
B) Echoic Memory
C) Haptic Memory
D) Working Memory